UPSC Mains Daily Answer Writing Practice (October 10, 2026): Model Answer & Framework

UPSC Mains Daily Answer Writing Practice (October 10, 2026): Model Answer & Framework

Daily UPSC Mains Answer Writing: Question & Model Answer Framework (October 10, 2026)

Today's Mains Question (GS Paper 2 - 15 Marks / 250 Words)

"The proliferation of 'on-orbit space control weapons' poses a fundamental threat to the stability of the global commons. In this context, analyze the limitations of existing international space laws and discuss how emerging geopolitical groupings like BRICS can contribute to a robust, rules-based space governance framework."

1. Decoding the Directive & Demand of the Question

Directives: "Analyze" (examine the nature, causes, and implications) and "Discuss" (elaborate on arguments and provide a way forward).

Demand: The question requires a two-pronged approach: first, explaining how space weaponization threatens current governance; second, proposing how BRICS (as a voice of the Global South) can influence international space policy.

  • Part 1: The threat posed by on-orbit weapons (Kessler Syndrome, sovereignty issues).
  • Part 2: Limitations of current regimes (Outer Space Treaty 1967 gaps, dual-use technology).
  • Part 3: The role of BRICS in balancing powers and advocating for multilateralism.

2. Structural Outline / Skeleton Framework

  • Introduction (30-40 words): Define Outer Space as a "Global Common" (res communis) under the 1967 Outer Space Treaty (OST). Briefly mention the transition from peaceful exploration to a contested domain due to on-orbit weapons.
  • Body Section 1 (80-90 words): Explain the threat. Mention the "Kessler Syndrome" (debris accumulation), the "dual-use" nature of satellites (civil vs. military), and the lack of a clear legal definition for "space weapons."
  • Body Section 2 (80-90 words): Evaluate the role of BRICS. Discuss how BRICS can act as a catalyst for "PAROS" (Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space). Highlight the need for transparency and confidence-building measures (TCBMs).
  • Way Forward & Recommendation (40-50 words): Suggest the need for a legally binding "Space Code of Conduct," strengthening the Artemis Accords, and creating a dedicated UN-led verification mechanism for space assets.
  • Conclusion (20-30 words): Reiterate that space security is not a zero-sum game but a collective necessity for sustainable development (SDGs).

3. Comprehensive Model Answer

The 1967 Outer Space Treaty (OST) established outer space as the "province of all mankind." However, the emergence of "on-orbit space control weapons"—systems capable of maneuvering near other satellites to disable or destroy them—has shifted the paradigm from peaceful exploration to a contested strategic domain, threatening the sustainability of the space environment.

Challenges to Space Governance

The current legal architecture, primarily the OST, suffers from significant obsolescence:

  • Legislative Vacuum: The OST prohibits the placement of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) in orbit but remains silent on conventional on-orbit weapons and anti-satellite (ASAT) capabilities.
  • Dual-Use Dilemma: Technology used for satellite servicing, debris removal, or docking can be repurposed as a weapon, making verification and attribution difficult.
  • Kessler Syndrome: Kinetic engagements or debris-creating weapons risk a cascading collision effect, rendering critical orbits unusable for generations, thereby threatening global communication, navigation, and climate monitoring systems.

The Role of BRICS in Space Governance

As a coalition representing a significant portion of the Global South, BRICS can play a pivotal role in shaping a new space order:

  • Advocacy for PAROS: BRICS nations (specifically India, China, and Russia) can spearhead a consolidated proposal for a legally binding instrument on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) at the UN General Assembly.
  • Transparency and Confidence-Building Measures (TCBMs): BRICS can establish a regional framework for sharing orbital data and satellite maneuver notifications, setting a precedent for global transparency.
  • Inclusive Multilateralism: By bridging the divide between space-faring powers and developing nations, BRICS can ensure that space governance does not become a tool for geopolitical hegemony, but a platform for equitable access to space-based assets.

Conclusion

Space security is an indivisible global good. To prevent the militarization of the final frontier, the international community must move beyond voluntary guidelines. India, through its 'Space Policy 2023' and leadership in the BRICS framework, must champion a 'Space Code of Conduct' to ensure that the heavens remain a sanctuary for science and sustainable development, rather than a theater of conflict.

4. Value Addition Box (Schemes, Data & Committees)

Concept/Framework Relevance to Answer
Outer Space Treaty (1967) The bedrock of space law; prohibits WMDs but lacks clauses for conventional on-orbit weapons.
Kessler Syndrome Scientific theory where high debris density leads to a cascade of collisions, locking Earth in a "debris shell."
India's Space Policy 2023 Emphasizes the "Responsible Space Power" doctrine and private sector participation.
UNCOPUOS UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space; the primary body for international space policy dialogue.

ЁЯПЫ️ Official Government & Policy Updates (PIB Gazette Connect)

Key national initiatives, Cabinet & Ministry releases aligned with GS-2 and GS-3:

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